Kalimantan, also known as Borneo, is one of the largest and most biodiverse islands on Earth. You might not know that this island is divided among three countries—Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei—and its nature and culture are among the most unique in the world. Kalimantan is home to some of the oldest rainforests, countless endemic species, and indigenous communities who have lived in harmony with the environment for generations. It is a place where ancient traditions meet the challenges of the 21st century. Below are fascinating and educational facts that will give you a deeper appreciation of this remarkable island.
- Kalimantan is the third-largest island in the world, after Greenland and New Guinea. Its area exceeds 743,000 square kilometers, making it larger than France.
- Around 73% of the island belongs to Indonesia, and this part is officially called Kalimantan. The remainder is divided between the Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak, and the Sultanate of Brunei.
- The name “Borneo” was given by Portuguese and Spanish explorers in the 16th century after hearing of the Kingdom of Brunei. In Indonesia, however, the local name “Kalimantan” is used.
- Kalimantan contains one of the oldest rainforests on Earth, estimated to be over 130 million years old. It is a treasure trove of biological diversity with many species found nowhere else.
- The island is home to many rare and endangered animals, including orangutans, Bornean pygmy elephants, and Sumatran rhinoceroses. Many of these are endemic species unique to this region.
- Kalimantan has a complex river system, with major rivers such as the Kapuas, Barito, and Mahakam. These rivers serve as the main transportation routes and provide essential resources for local communities.
- Indigenous tribes such as the Dayaks still live in the interior of Kalimantan. They preserve rich cultural traditions, including tattoos, dances, music, and rituals.
- The Dayaks were once known for headhunting practices, which were part of spiritual and warrior traditions. Although this custom has disappeared, it remains a significant part of their folklore and identity.
- Traditional Dayak homes, known as longhouses, are elevated wooden structures designed to house multiple families. These dwellings promote communal living and offer protection from flooding and wild animals.
- Kalimantan is rich in natural resources such as oil, coal, gold, and tropical hardwoods. However, widespread deforestation poses a serious threat to the island’s ecosystems.
- The island has drawn international attention due to the rapidly declining population of orangutans. Conservation groups have established sanctuaries and rescue centers to protect wildlife and rehabilitate animals.
- The Liang Tebo cave in Kalimantan holds some of the oldest known rock art in the world, dating back over 40,000 years. These ancient paintings are a testament to early human creativity.
- Kalimantan has a tropical climate with high humidity and relatively stable temperatures year-round. Instead of four seasons, the year is divided into wet and dry periods.
- The island features vast karst systems, underground rivers, and extensive cave networks. Many of these areas remain unexplored and are of great interest to scientists and adventurers.
- Kalimantan lies within the Coral Triangle, one of the world’s most biodiverse marine regions. Its coastal waters are rich in coral reefs, sea turtles, and exotic marine species.
- The city of Balikpapan is one of Kalimantan’s major industrial centers, especially in oil and gas production. It plays a crucial role in the economy of eastern Indonesia.
- In 2019, the Indonesian government announced plans to relocate the national capital from Jakarta to Kalimantan. The new capital is set to be built in East Kalimantan with a focus on sustainable development.
- Despite modernization, many locals still rely on the forest for food, medicine, and materials. The rainforest continues to play a central role in traditional life and spiritual beliefs.
- Kalimantan has great potential for ecotourism, offering wildlife observation, jungle trekking, cultural immersion with indigenous groups, and participation in traditional festivals. Such tourism helps protect the environment and support local communities.
Kalimantan is more than just an island—it is a world of its own, full of natural wonders, ancient traditions, and cultural richness. These interesting facts reveal the significance of the region both ecologically and historically. It is a place where the breath of the rainforest meets the heartbeat of indigenous heritage. If you are looking for an encounter with true wilderness and authentic culture, Kalimantan will certainly surprise you.
